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Status of Magnetic Monopoles and Their Role in Quark Confinement

Author(s) Chandrabhan singh
Country India
Abstract Quark confinement is the strangest and most important mystery of high energy physics. Different models have been proposed to solve it among which magnetic monopoles are promising candidates. In this paper we will discuss some theoretical and experimental studies, which advocates the existence of magnetic monopoles and provide us a vision to understand quark confinement.

Keywords: Quark confinement, monopoles, Abelian projection, magnetic symmetry, lattice QCD

1. Introduction
The dual superconductor picture is one of the most important ideas in the theory of color confinement [1] which sets a striking parallelism between a normal superconductor and QCD vacuum, explains that the color flux tube between quarks is caused by the condensation of color magnetic monopoles in the QCD vacuum through the dual Meissner effect [2, 3]. Although the presence of monopoles and their role as the endpoints of flux tubes provides a mechanism for the confinement of quarks within hadrons but till yet QCD does not appear as a reliable candidate of color magnetic monopoles. Theoretical developments in the understanding of monopoles motivates for the existence of monopole. Dirac in 1931 [4] observed that the existence of monopoles would necessitate the quantization of electric charge. 't Hooft and Polyakov [5, 6] discovered that magnetic monopoles will occur naturally in a Georgi-Glashow model, where the non-Abelian local symmetry is broken down by the Higgs mechanism into an Abelian symmetry.
To study the quark confinement using dual superconductor mechanism two methods mostly used are Abelian projection method [2, 3] and Field decomposition method [7] discussed in next sections. These methods have been supported by numerical simulations, and have provided qualitative insights into the nature of quark confinement. The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide a thorough summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the elusive concept of magnetic monopoles.

2. Theory of magnetic monopoles
The section would likely start by introducing the theoretical frameworks in which magnetic monopoles are either permitted or strongly suggested to exist.

2.1 Monopoles in classical electromagnetic theory
In classical electromagnetic theory, monopoles are not present, and the concept of a magnetic monopole is not consistent with the equations of electromagnetism as formulated by Maxwell
[8] can be written in the form.

,

,

Where and are the electric and magnetic fields respectively, is the electric charge density and is the electric current density. If no electric charges are present then and vanish and the equation (1) exhibit the symmetry known as electromagnetic duality which involves interchanging the electric field and the magnetic field while changing the sign of one of them as and . Thus the existence of electric charge breaks the symmetry. It had seen that symmetry can be restore by assumption of the existence of magnetic charge along with the duality condition. A new set of equations with a profound symmetry is given as.
Keywords Quark confinement, monopoles, Abelian projection, magnetic symmetry, lattice QCD
Field Arts
Published In Volume 16, Issue 1, January-June 2025
Published On 2025-02-16
Cite This Status of Magnetic Monopoles and Their Role in Quark Confinement - Chandrabhan singh - IJAIDR Volume 16, Issue 1, January-June 2025.
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